托福阅读逻辑信号词总结_1
主题
主题类信号词一般出现在讲座开头,例如
●let'
●Today, I will be talking about
●Today,we’ll focus on/
但有些讲座的教授在点明主题之前会提及其它信息,例如:
●Last time, we talked about today, we will be discussing
●We’ve been talking about Today, let’s discuss
●Continuing Today, we will
此时,today后面的内容才是关键,不能被today前面的内容误导了。
定义
下定义也是讲座中常见的内容,被定义的概念是讲座的关键内容,需要做笔记。
此类信号词有:
●what I mean is
●All that means is
●which is / that is
●in other words,
● is referred to
● is named/known/called
举例
比起例子中的种.种细节,教授借例子说明的道理更为关键。
听到for instance,such as,namely,as an example,take example for,say,consider,take之类的字眼后,考生需要回忆起举例之前讲解的内容。
TIP:有些教授讲完例子后会进行总结,如果考生记不起例子之前的内容,此时记下总结性话语也能保证答题哟。
对比
讲座中,教授常常对比两个容易混淆的概念。我们需分别记录两者异同。此处一定会出现出题点。
常见的对比类信号词有:
●We should not confuse A and B
●A is different from B
●First, let’s make a clear distinction between A and B
●compare to
●contrast
●Unlike
●similar to
●in contrast to
●
●
●alike
●resemble
●on the other hand,
●instead,
●likewise,
●in the same way等。
分类
阐述关键概念时,教授常讲解此概念的相关分类。
例如,阐述海豚发声方式时,会具体阐述是哪几种发声方式,即whistles,cliques和burst pulses。
通常教授会点明分类的数量,但也可能不给出具体数据,而是笼统地说有“很多种”。
例如,there are many types of ,we gather data in a variety of ways 。
因果
学术讲座中,因果是常见的逻辑关系之一。细节题多出现于此处。
表示原因的信号词有:because,because of,due to,since,as,for,the reason is,that’s why,by reason of,owing to。
表示结果的信号词有:so, so that, therefore, thereby, hereby, thus, as a result, consequently, hence, accordingly。
转折
转折是对前文的否定,转折后面出现的信息往往需要强调,此处多为出题点。
常见的表示转折的信号词有:but,however,nevertheless,while, yet, unless, except for, actually,in fact, to tell you the truth,practically,virtually,as a matter of fact。
结论
讲座的最后也可能是出题点,而且该点比较容易得分。结论是最新获得的信息,遗忘率最低。咱们千万不能放弃这类题。
常见的结论性信号词有:conclusion,summarize,make a summary,in brief,in short,in a word,in a conclusion,finally,all in all,to sum up。