托福写作真题(实用17篇）
托福写作真题（1）
参考分析：
不能同意这个观点——因为这样的说法过于片面。有些媒体(大众传媒mass media)表现得过于关注名人。但是真正的起因(the real cause)却是大众(the public; the broad masses of the people)本身——大众过于关注名人以及名人的私生活。媒体不过是在迎合大众(cater to the needs of customers;过去几年里,电视一直迎合大众的口味。In the past several years, television has been playing to the )，因为媒体也是商业机构(commercial organization)，也要盈利(profit-driving)。不是所有媒体都在一味迎合大众，也不是所有的television program, newspaper column都在关注名人。
托福写作真题（2）
综合
出土了一种用陶土做的disk，一面有花纹，一面没花纹。没花纹那面周围有一圈凸起刚好形成了一个浅浅的碗。disk下面还有短短的手柄。这种disk有三种可能的用法。
1、用来做饭，disk无花纹面的碗刚好可以盛放食物，而手柄方便烹饪的时候移动disk。
2、用来当鼓，往disk上蒙上兽皮，就可以形成一个腔体。人们可以一手持手柄，一手击鼓。
3、用作镜子。往无花纹面里到些液体，就可以当镜子用了。而且，这种用法很像古希腊的手持镜子。
听力：上用法都不可信
? 不可能用于烹饪的。想一想我们家里用的pans and pots，使用之后会blackend or discolored，因为长时间接触高温，炊具势必会发黑。但是出土的200件disk中没有一个出现了这种情况。
? 做鼓使用也不可能发出好听的声音。这中disk使用陶土制作，即使蒙上兽皮敲击的声音也远不如用兽皮和木头制作的鼓好听。此外，陶土制作的鼓非常沉，使用不便。
? 无法当作镜子。倒入液体后，disk就必须被水平放置，这样人们可以弯腰照镜子。但是被水平放置后，有花纹的那一面就看不见了。古希腊的镜子是手持的，垂直拿在手里，这样可以随时看见镜子的花纹。
范文
About the function of disks, the reading mentions three hypotheses, which are refuted by the listening one by one with the following
The first possible function of disks, raised by the reading, is for The listening, however, is opposite to this point by further explaining that after being heated for a long time, cookers must be blackened or discolored, just like pans and pots at our But the fact is that among the 200 unearthed disks, none of them is blackened or
Regarding to the drum theory, the listening still disagrees with For one thing, it could not produce sound that is pleasing to ears for this kind of disk is made of clay, which, even though covered with hides, could not produce sound that is better than that produced by drums made of hides and For another, drums made of clay are too heavy, making it much inconvenient to The listening, therefore, casts doubt on what the reading
Finally, the reading states that disks could serve as This opinion is in sharp contrast with the belief in the listening that it is unlikely that disks are used as After pouring liquid, disks must be laid And people could look in the mirror by bending But the problem is that with the mirror being horizontal, the side which is decorated could not be But the Greek mirrors are held by hands so that the decorative pattern is
本文是20XX年3月4日托福写作真题答案及解析。
独立
Nowadays, many movies or films are based on Some people prefer to read the original book before they watch the movie, other prefer to watch the movie before reading the Which one do you prefer?
范文
The movie industry has witnessed an unprecedented boom during recent years with endless movies coming into Among the ample supply of movies, many are based on original books, which provides the general public two choices about the order of reading books and watching Some prefer to watch the movie followed by reading the According to my preference, I would like to read the original book
The primary reason for my stance is that by reading the original book, I am allowed to let my imagination run To illustrate, the original book shows us the detailed plots without displaying the specific characters on screen or through Therefore, we are free to imagine without the constraints of Conversely, characters in the movies have already been chosen and designed including their facial expressions, body language and even dressing styles, which leaves us few chances to make full use of our imagination and curiosity to think It is no wonder that giving priority to the original books provides us with more fun, for it is imagination that contributes to
Another factor tempts me to make such a choice is that I will have a deeper understanding of what is hidden behind the movie after reading the As we all know, movies are always adapted, some details of which are unavoidably deleted owing to the limitation of Accordingly, it is highly possible that some plots and lines are too abstract to The original book, on the other hand, clearly explains the background, hence not giving rise to I always have a glimpse of the original books before reading the adapted movies, with A Dream of Red Mansions a clear case in The book A Dream of Red Mansions mainly describes a touching love story between Jia Baoyu and his cousin Lin Daiyu, which begins and ends in a luxurious Hardly could I understand why Lin Daiyu always quarreled with Jia Baoyu in the movie if I did not take time to read the
Frankly speaking, movies are short enough for us to make a quick decision about whether it is to our taste and whether it is worth reading the original But as mentioned above, movies are adapted more often than not, which cannot serve as the determining factor of whether the original book is a good
To sum up, reading the book before watching the movie is definitely a more preferable choice, for it will beget imagination and curiosity as well as a deeper
托福写作真题（3）
托福综合写作：
主题：防止海龟减少的办法是否有用。
阅读：有3种办法防止海龟减少
建立金属围栏，防止海龟蛋被素食者吃掉
禁用塑料袋，海龟吃了塑料袋，消化道会被堵塞
把传统渔网改成只能捕鱼而不会限制海龟的，海龟被渔网捉住，会溺水
听力：上述办法都不行
金属围栏会阻碍小海龟的磁场发育，海龟靠磁场导航，找食物，找配偶，找地方产卵。没有发育好的磁场，海龟根本无法生存，繁衍。
限制塑料袋或许有用。问题是，现在海里已经有成千上万的塑料袋了，即使分解成了小片，一样会危害海龟。所以限塑解决不了燃眉之急。
改进的渔网，渔民会拒绝使用，因为网到的鱼会减少，收入会减少。即使有法律规定必须使用，渔民也会趁没人使用传统渔网，回到岸上再换成改进渔网。
托福独立写作：
You are helping to select a leader for a student organization or a Do you think a person's honest is the most important characteristic for being a leader?
托福写作真题（4）
托福综合写作：
Whether the three methods to stop snakeheads from spreading is
Reading :
The reading raises three methods to stop the spread of snakehead fish because it threatens the
Making laws to prevent people from transporting snakehead Some people in the fish market will illegally transport or release unsold snakehead
Educating fishers to catch If they recognize that people actually can eat snakehead as a food source, they will catch many to eat and to
Researching some poison to kill the Though poison will also kill native fishes in the river, people can restock native
Listening:
The listening contradicts all methods proposed by the author of the passage and points out their potential
Even if people do not transport the snakehead, the spread will still The reason is that there are already many snakeheads, and these snakeheads will move to other rivers even without human's efforts, because they can live and move on land as long as they are
Educating fishers to catch snakehead will not help stop the spread of Conversely, it may lead to the increase of Because when fishers realize they can make profit by catching snakehead, they will introduce snakehead to other water bodies and raise snakehead in order to catch more snakehead, even this is
It is true that native fishes can be restocked; however, poison will also kill some insects and micro organisms, which cannot be So, native fishes that feed on these insects and micro organisms cannot grow to their original This is
托福独立写作：
As a student of university that has a long break between university semesters, the university requires all students to do one of the following for one month during the break:
1、Students must take a course on the subject that has no direct connection to their majors of study ;
2、Students must volunteer to work in the university' s city or their hometowns to improve some aspects of life of the city or their own
Which one do you think is more beneficial for students in their university? Why?
Given detailed examples and Use your OWN words, do NOT use memorized
托福写作真题（5）
大学是否应该帮助学生做好择业准备
教育类：
Colleges or universities should offer students a better job preparation before they start working 大学应该帮助学生做好就业准备，在开始工作前?
主题观点：大学应该帮助学生做好就业准备：具体而言，从专业上，性格上，和心态上都为应对未来事业的挑战做好准备。
写作布局：一边倒支持
薛鹏思路拓展：
专业上：使大学生在专业上训练有素，成为领域的专家，以增强未来择业的竞争优势，满足相关企业的需求。
心态上：大学教育者应该帮助学生培养良好的择业心态，对自己有清晰的认知，从底层奋斗。
性格上：大学应该通过组织校园活动或者专门的课程，帮助学生们在性格上成长。例如，受过大学教育者应该变得更加坚强，自信，成熟，善于社交。这些优点可以帮助学生适应择业的挑战。
薛鹏原创语料库：
get a reasonable career = land a good job = secure a decent job with promising future v找到好工作
to acquire the academic qualifications they need to obtain a reasonably well-paid job v获得学历，找到高薪工作
make full preparations for the future career choice = be to well-prepared for hunting for a job v 为未来求职做好重复准备
become well-versed in specialized knowledge v精通专业知识
点评：be versed in = be adept at = excel in v 精通于……
to excel professionally v专业精通
enhance one’s competitiveness in the future job seeking v 提高未来择业的竞争优势
helps undergraduates foster a good mentality in terms of choosing career v帮助大学生培养良好的择业心态
点评: in terms of adv 在……方面
点评：undergraduates 大学在校生(未毕业)
to struggle from the bottom of the society v 从社会底层奋斗
make sb become tenacious，confident and mature v 使学生们变得坚强，自信，成熟
拓展：tenacious = strong-minded adj 坚强的
to be good at associating and communicating with others v善于和他人交往交流
adapt themselves to the future career challenges yet not come v 使自己适应没有到来的事业挑战
job-related knowledge n 和择业相关的知识
career-oriented skills n 以择业为导向的技能
Most school leavers attend universities in order to acquire competitive diplomas so that their career prospects can be 很多高中毕业生，上大学就是为了获得有竞争力的学位，以拥抱美好未来。
get a clear perspective of oneself v 对于自己有清晰的认知
托福写作真题（6）
Sample Answer:
The reading raises three unusual features of Titan, which are The listening, however, strongly insist that those features are
The first feature mentioned in the reading is its elliptical orbit which is different from the common satellites whose orbit is This phenomena is explained by the listening which reminds us that there are other satellites which move around The nearby satellites could exert influence on titan, hence leading to the elliptical
As to the second point, it is believed in the reading that the usual feature of massive depression, which should have been caused by volcanic eruption, but there is no volcano on The listening pushes forward another theory that instead of being caused by volcanic eruption and collision, the massive depression and crater formed as a result of The reading, therefore, is wrong
Lastly, the reading is of the view that the sand tunes near the Titan’s equator should be in the same direction with the wind direction but the opposite is It is admitted in the listening that the direction of sand tunes is originally in conformity to the wind What’s more, it is true that the top sand tunes point to the east, which is in a reverse direction to the But the truth is that under the influence of the storm, its direction has been As a result, the last phenomena is also
(240 words)
本文是20XX年2月18日托福写作真题答案及解析。
独立
Topic: Sometimes we are assigned to work in a group on a Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The group will be helped more by person who will be willing to do what other group members want than by person who often strongly insists that things should be done in a way that is different from what the group wants to
解题思路：Agree
? 这样做有助于团队成员关系和谐，达成一致。
? 有利于团队明确的分工，提高整体工作效率。
? 诚然，这样做的话可能彰显不出个人独特之处，但是从团队整体来讲，团队成员的最终目的都是为了提高工作效率，因此要顾全大局。
Sample Answer:
As the core power of a group, the group members are obliged to spare no efforts to push forward the project in However, the members of a group encompass people of different characteristics, divergent way of thinking and working styles, as a result of which, someone may unconditionally follow the group's orders, while someone maybe always critical about As far as I am concerned, the former is more favorable when considering benefiting the whole
Primarily and undeniably, a higher working efficiency could be achieved if the group members could comply with the whole group’s rules and During the process of accomplishing a project, team cooperation is of great significance, which could be realized by the wholehearted dedication of all members with their divergence being Evidently, team cooperation is in direct proportion to the working efficiency of the By contrast, if a group member, when assigned tasks, always goes against the whole group’s progressing direction and working targets, a bunch of time will be What’s worse, direct conflict may arise, which brings forth great obstacles standing in the way before the project is It is due to such a disagreement within the group that exerts side effects on the working
Apart from working efficiency, another important benefit of choosing a compliant group member is all team members will work with greater Compared with harmony, disagreement never fail to fuel bias and possibly discrimination, hence creating a negative state of Under such circumstance, almost everyone loses the impetus and motivation to struggle in the group, no matter how ambitious and aggressive they are Just imagine, an English association is going to conduct an English speaking Every member of the group is allocated with certain assignment like purchasing required necessities, site layout, selecting the contestants and so on, with the purpose of guaranteeing the smooth progression of the If someone of them refuses to accept the assignment by arguing that things should be arranged in another way, it may turn out to be great hazard to the morale of the group especially when others are in agreement with the Needless to say, morale is to a group what soul is to
I tend to concede that some novel ideas and inspirations may turn out to be new blood for the whole group, but that should not be an excuse for not obeying what the majority of the members Just as an old saying goes: the minority is subject to the Those bearing different considerations should put the collective in the first
From what has been discussed above, it is safe to draw the conclusion that a member willing to do what other group members want is more favorable for a group, not only for a higher working efficiency but also for a greater
托福写作真题（7）
英语写作必背型
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever
海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever
张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V
Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V
例句：Nothing is more important than to receive
没有比接受教育更重要的事。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too
(再怎么强调的重要性也不为过。)
例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too
我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
托福写作真题（8）
20XX年10月22日托福阅读词汇题：
deterioration = worsen condition
end = purpose
simultaneously = at the same time
trigger = start
vocation = occupation
justification = good reason
conversely =in contrast
uniformally = consistently
constrained = forced
innumerable = countless
20XX年10月22日托福阅读第一篇
题材划分：地质环境类
主要内容：
最早Pleistocene Climate 石器时代冰川移动。Pleistocene开始于 years ago的北极，先说用陆地上的植物痕迹之类的看冰川的移动和撤回，区分冰期和间冰期，又提到用海洋里的贝壳中含有的O18和O16的比例来判断，因为这两种氧元素的重量不一样所以温暖时期蒸发的量不同因此存留的量也不同。
类似阅读
托福写作真题（9）
话题分类
生命科学类
考题回忆
1-总论点
三种阻止蝙蝠受到wind turbines伤害的方法。
2-阅读部分
论点1：不把wind turbines建在蝙蝠活动的地方
论点2：wind turbines晚上不运行
论点3：制造蝙蝠不喜欢的雷达不让蝙蝠靠近
3-听力部分
反驳1：蝙蝠活动的地方就不能得到足够的energy
反驳2：蝙蝠可能会再wind turbines上休息，早上开启是也会伤寒蝙蝠
反驳3：雷达会影响蝙蝠的繁殖系统
解题思路
此题是典型的听力反驳阅读的题型。文章中需要表明听力完全反驳阅读，并写清听力中出现的细节即可。
托福写作真题（10）
参考范文
The reading passage explores the issue that there are three ways to prevent bats from being harmed by wind The professor in the lecture, however, opposes those methods by providing three specific
First, the reading passage suggests that wind turbines can be constructed in the area where bats seldom live or forage, so that the harm caused by wind turbines can be Although the professor in the lecture admits that the first method is beneficial to bats, the area with frequent appearance of bats can not be powered by the wind turbines, which is inconvenient to people living in the same Therefore, the professor's argument disproves its counterpart in the
Moreover, the writer states that we can turn off the wind turbines to avoid the harm towards However, the professor contends that bats still can be hurt by the turbines in the morning, because if the turbines are turned off, bats tent to take a rest on the
Finally, the writer asserts that wind turbines can be facilitated radar which emits special range of sound waves to irritate bats, in which keeps bats away from those By contrast, the professor provides that the certain sound waves are bad for bats’ reproductive systems, so that the third method can cause more damage to bats
托福写作真题（11）
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
The university will spend money on dormitory to improve the life quality of students, which of the following do you think is the best way?
-providing a room for quiet study;
-building an exercise room;
-providing entertainment place (watch film).
托福写作真题（12）
话题分类
教育
题型
二选一题型
考题回忆
如果你擅长某科。你的朋友来问你问题，你会帮助他 or suggest他去找专门的老师解答.
解题思路
教育类话题，难度系数适中
二选一，要对这2种方法进行比较。
利弊题型。分析好坏结果
因为是来“问我问题”，“我”给建议。所以，不仅可以分析对朋友，也可分析对自己的影响。
托福写作真题（13）
参考范文
It is a common phenomenon that students meet all sorts of problems to solve in Teachers and friends are the ones we can count on no matter how difficult the problems But when it comes to whether teachers are more valuable than our friends, some people may agree with it, for experienced tutors can guide However, I disagree based on the following
It is not to say tutors do not play an important role in dealing with They would recommend books of specific subject, provide words of wisdom and share their problem-solving mentality to pull us through hard However, we can seek help from our friends who are excelled at a certain subject or have been through the same So the merit from teachers seems insignificant compared with those brought by our
First, the problems my friends are faced with can be tackled effectively and Obviously, teachers have a heavy They have to spend hours checking books, studying material and doing research before classes to get fully Right after class there will be questions to be answered and papers to be Once my friends want to ask teachers for help, they have to make an appointment ahead of time according to teachers’ But for my part, there is close involvement in providing assistance for my friends both at home and in school At home, we can contact at any time, such as chat on some social applications to record the important points or start a video call to shorten the time we At school, we take a class in classrooms, prepare for final exams in libraries as well as have a rest in As a result, if needing help, my friends can find me wherever and .
Second, I, myself, is also a On the one hand, helping my friends gives me an opportunity to absorb knowledge in more direct and interesting Solutions to math problems are good Instead of reading about obscure concepts, we can see them presented in vivid method in various real-world Instead of reading about complicated formulas, we can see how magically these formulas are applied to a range of problem-solving Throughout the duration of explaining the understanding of the questions, I can review what I have learned and detect what I have On the other hand, it can be a helper for me to acquire essential learning To be specific, while making real contributions to coping with these problems, I am actively learning how to organize, express and transfer which are indispensable for future study even for career
Therefore, if my friends are struggling with complex problems while studying, I prefer offering help for them to advising them to find a
托福写作真题（14）
一般来说，衔接手段可以分成三个层次，词汇衔接 (lexical cohesion)、语法衔接 (grammatical cohesion)、修辞衔接 (rhetorical cohesion)。
(一)词汇衔接
- 原词重复 (direct repetition) 、同义词 (synonyms)、反义词 (antonyms)
- 来自于相同语义场 (semantic field) 和词汇链 (lexical chains) 的单词
- 使用one/ ones进行词汇替代 (substitution)
(二)语法衔接
- 指代 (reference): 代词、冠词
- 使用 so/ do/ does/ did 等进行从句元素替代
- 比较级
- 时态
(三)修辞衔接
- 提问与回答
- 平行结构 (parallelism)
下面我们结合托福一个写作题目和对应的高分范文 (high-level responses) 进行讲解。
Question:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
People benefit more from traveling in their own country than from traveling to foreign
Use specific reasons and examples to support your Be sure to use your own Do not use memorized
Source: TOEFL? Test Preparation: The Insider’s Guide
上面这个题目需要考生思考并比较在本国旅游和在外国旅游各自的好处，然后决定是否同意 “人们在本国旅游获得的益处比在外国旅游获得的益处更多” 这个观点。在这里我们给各位提供官方选取的高分回答，第一篇来自挪威的Aarcha 同学，第二篇来自中国的_同学。
01
Aarcha 同学对于题目持有不同意的观点 (Disagree)，她认为到国外旅游好处更多。以下是她的主旨句 (Thesis Statement) 。
“I think that people benefit more from traveling to foreign ”
我们这里节选她文章其中一个主体段。
In addition to that, travelling to another country gives you the perfect excuse to learn a new For example, I’m planning to go to France next year, and I’ve already started learning basic French with the help of apps on my mobile [Learning a new language] is a wonderful thing, as it not only helps you get around in foreign countries, but also makes you attractive in the job If you’re travelling in your own country, you will never truly need to learn a new language, and will therefore miss out on the opportunity that it
分析：
该文段使用的衔接手段主要是：(一)词汇衔接中的同义词(二)语法衔接中的代词指代 (reference)
首先 “that” 是一个代词，指代文中第一个理由 “to experience new sights, cultures and food”; 另外， “another country” 是题目中 “foreign countries” 的另外一种表达形式; “it” 用来表示 “learning a new language” 的意思。全段100个单词，出现了4处衔接手段的使用，使得段落内容清晰紧密。
02
_同学对于题目持有同意的观点 (Agree)，他认为在国内旅游好处更多。以下是他的主旨句 (Thesis Statement) 。
“I deem I can benefit more from travelling in my own ”
我们这里节选他文章中两个主体段来分析其使用衔接手段的情况。
The most critical reason is As a traveler, I would prefer spending more time exploring my destination rather than getting stuck at the security checkpoint, sitting in the airplane, and waiting in a long queue at the custom, which are often associated with international For example, if I have a week of vacation, instead of spending 2 days on the way, I could choose a destination that may only take me [a] couple [of] hours to get there that means I have 1 extra more vacation
Secondly, ….
Lastly, international trip can cost travelers significantly more comparing to a domestic Admittedly, cost of a trip is often determined personal choice and preference but a lot of fees, such as visa and currency exchange, are often In addition, to save money in another unknown country can be a lot more
分析：
该文段使用的衔接手段主要是：(一)词汇衔接-同义词; 词汇衔接- one/ ones 替代(二)语法衔接中的比较级 (三)修辞衔接中的平行结构 (parallelism)
首先第一段中连续使用了三个平行结构来表达到国外旅游可能会遇到的不方便 “getting stuck at the security checkpoint” , “sitting in the airplane” , “waiting in a long queue at the custom”, 另外， “international travel” 以及第三段中的 “international trip” 是同义词，“domestic” 是题目中 “in their own country” 同义表达，最后 “domestic one” 当中的 “one” 也是为了避免重复前面的内容而进行指代的。
这些衔接手段的使用增加了上下文内容的连贯性，也丰富了语言表达形式，使得段落内容清晰紧密生动。 两段的内容不算多，但单从衔接手段的角度来讲还是值得各位考生学习和借鉴的。
托福写作真题（15）
1 如何提高托福写作?
不能懒!写作这一项如果不多写多练，提高肯定是很慢的，一定要多去修改自己的作文，不断发现问题和弱项，再针对性的去改正优化，才能写得越来越好。如果平时只挑会写的题目随便写个一两段，背诵的词汇短语不多运用，考试是不可能行云流水的写出一篇完整的好文章的。
2 托福写作审题重要吗?
千万不要低估审题这一步的重要性，不同的托福写作题型会对应不同的文章思路和结构。有的同学遇到现象证明题觉得很难下手，其实是因为不知道对应的破题方法，甚至用利弊分析的思路去展开，自然想不到论点。
3 如何提升语言表达多样性?
语言多样性是托福作文很重要的考核点之一，很多同学以为背单词了，单词量大了英语就会好，写作就能高分了，其实不然，平时一定要多读英文的文章，尤其是外媒一些很地道的表达，没有这些积累是写不出好的英文作文的，因为多半还是在用中文思维去写很尬的Chinglish。
4 如何充实自己的托福写作内容呢?
刚刚在上一部分说到了逻辑思维，其实这也就是托福写作中考查的development，段落的发展。有的同学很快就能想到论点，但段落的内容除了重复论点，没有论据，不知道如何把本身就不复杂的道理展开讲。
比如体育运动能锻炼身体，这是一个大家听烂了的道理，但究竟是为什么呢?如何论述展开呢?运动 → 需要动身体 → 动身体可以让肌肉强壮、血液循环 → 提高了身体机能和免疫力 → 锻炼了身体。这样的逻辑思维靠学考试方法是学不会的，一定要按照老师的练习要求多看题，才能渐渐加快自己思考的速度。
托福写作真题（16）
托福综合写作原文：
Throughout the Greek islands, archaeologists have found over 200 plate-sized ceramic disks dating to about 20XX to 3000 The disks are typically decorated on one side, while the other side is undecorated and has a raised edge that creates a shallow They usually also have short Archaeologists are still unclear about what the objects were used Three theories about their function have been
Pans for Cooking Food
Some archaeologists believe that the objects were used for cooking These archaeologists believe that food was placed on the undecorated side and that the raised edge on that side prevented the food from falling out of the The handle would have made it easier and safer to remove the pan from a cooking fire or
Drums
Other archaeologists believe that the objects were drums for making These archaeologists point out that animal skins could have been stretched over the side with the raised edge, creating an air chamber that would have amplified sound when the animal skin was According to this theory, the person doing the drumming would hold the drum by the handle with one hand and strike the skin with the other
Mirrors
Yet other archaeologists believe that the objects were a kind of ancient Although the objects are not made of a reflective material, they could have been used to create a reflection by pouring a liquid, such as olive oil, into the shallow basin with the raised Supporters of this theory point out that the decorations found on the ceramic disks are similar to decorations found on hand-held metal mirrors made in ancient
Directions: You have 20 minutes to plan and write your Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225
阅读：出土了一种用陶土做的disk，一面有花纹，一面没花纹。没花纹那面周围有一圈凸起刚好形成了一个浅浅的碗。disk下面还有短短的手柄。这种disk有三种可能的用法。
1、用来做饭，disk无花纹面的碗刚好可以盛放食物，而手柄方便烹饪的时候移动disk。
2、用来当鼓，往disk上蒙上兽皮，就可以形成一个腔体。人们可以一手持手柄，一手击鼓。
3、用作镜子。往无花纹面里到些液体，就可以当镜子用了。而且，这种用法很像古希腊的手持镜子。
听力：上用法都不可信
1、不可能用于烹饪的。想一想我们家里用的pans and pots，使用之后会black end or discolored，因为长时间接触高温，炊具势必会发黑。但是出土的200件disk中没有一个出现了这种情况。
2、做鼓使用也不可能发出好听的声音。这中disk使用陶土制作，即使蒙上兽皮敲击的声音也远不如用兽皮和木头制作的鼓好听。此外，陶土制作的鼓非常沉，使用不便。
3、无法当作镜子。倒入液体后，disk就必须被水平放置，这样人们可以弯腰照镜子。但是被水平放置后，有花纹的那一面就看不见了。古希腊的镜子是手持的，垂直拿在手里，这样可以随时看见镜子的花纹。
主题
希腊发现了200多个圆盘状的ceramic disks，一边平面的有装饰，一边是周围有突起的边没装饰的。三种理论推测用途。
R&L对照
Reading:
1、Pans for cooking 因为没装饰那边凹进去，盛菜不会撒，且有把手好握着;
2、把动物皮绑在disks周围突起上面，可以制成鼓等等;
3、 古人把水等液体放进去，容器放平，弯腰就能看见自己的figure。
Lecture: 逐一反驳
1、如果用来盛菜，会使ceramic disks变得blacken and discolor,因为高温。同时出土的近200多件，太少了，不会是盛菜用的;
2、这样的做法敲起来不会有好的声音，解释了一般的鼓部分原理。并且为什么古人放着那么多充足的适合做鼓的材料不用而用它呢;
3、如果是为了做镜子用，就要把镜子平放，那么人家干嘛还把背后平的那一面弄上装饰呢，反正又没人看得见嘛。
托福写作真题（17）
一、打字速度
作为互联网的一代，绝大部分考生对键盘应当是相当熟悉对，并且用中文打字的速度也是十分的快速，但是为什么偏偏英文就不行呢?答案很简单，大家熟悉的是中文拼音的排列组合。而英文就不行，考生对英文单词的陌生感远远超出了自己的想象，所以水平测试时总能看到他们不停地思考，不停地删除重打，时间也就随之流逝。
想要提高写作速度，离不开熟练度的提高。每天半小时，电脑左右两边各一word文档，左边是英文材料，从词汇到句型到段落到篇章，右边是空白文档。先边看边打，再试着把左边遮去，这样反复操练，既提升了速度，又巩固了词句，提升了语感，还能顺便背下几个好的段落。
二、“模板”
一个好的模板毫无疑问能够帮助大家节省时间。但是这样做也存在一定的弊病。首先对学生写作能力的真正的提升是有害的。其次对提分来说更不现实，因为考官甚至包括E-rater(电脑阅卷)都很容易识别出模板的套路，并且模版属于别人，与个人的写作风格和用词习惯格格不入，不是填词就能解决的。
这里强调的是“思维模版”。你在写作前需要对议论文开头主体结尾段中地每一部分你需要往哪个方向写和想表达什么意图掌握清楚。拿开头为例，有很多方法，比如时间对比、经历描述、引言、数据、背景、设问等等。实际考试只有一个开头，不需要掌握所有方法，但要用精其中一种。
三、理由
托福独立写作虽然话题简单，却考察着学生较强的问题地解释和分析能力，虽然不需要太深刻，但一定要具体有道理。很多考生在论证的时候，要么是想不出来，要么就是解释的没有逻辑没有条理。
从长远看，多阅读和多思考，多参加一些能锻炼思辨能力的活动是非常有效的。但如果短期提升思考速度，就必须掌握一些常见问题的常规思考角度。
四、材料
材料就是文章的内容，考生一定要有一个自己的材料库。托福写作题目有它自身的合理性，它能保证任何一个有过生活学习经历的人都能完整地写出一篇好作文。
托福写作想要拿高分这些细节不可忽视!
细节一：开头段交代清楚就行，不要一味求长!
为什么有形式主语呢?很简单，因为真正的主语太长了，容易对我们的理解造成影响，而且主语太长不美观，因此出现了形式主语it。既然语法中都有这样的一个用法，那么我们写作中又为何不遵循这个要求呢?开头段写得太长，占用时间不说，有时候开头段话都说尽了，会严重影响主体段的展开。因此，独立写作的开头段不要写太长，一般50-80个单词是极好的。
细节二：每段写完记得空一行!
为什么呢?好看呗!试想一下，如果你的作文各段都连在一起的，你自己看起来舒服吗?更别说挑剔的考官来看了!你的作文如果不能从内容上征服考官，至少要在篇章结构上给人一种舒适的感觉!所以，每段写作记得空一行，你写着舒服，考官看着也舒服，正所谓“你好我也好!”
细节三：正式文体若能坚持不随意缩写，那将是极好的!
缩写好吗?不好!因为首先不缩写的话可能是两个单词，缩写完单词数就少了!不过，这个点其实并不是最关键的，重点在于托福写作是应试作文，应该保持正式文体的写作风格!缩写会给人一种非正式的赶脚!所以，能够不缩写的尽量不要缩写。比如can’t，最好在托福写作中写成cannot，而can not则是英式英语的写法，记住了!
细节四：不要一写作文就把你“七大姑八大姨”搬出来，他们年纪大了，让他们歇歇吧!
托福写作，太多这些个人的例子会给人一种非常personal的感觉!本身写作是在发表你自己的观点。虽然说托福的写作题可支持亦可反驳，但是关键点还在于你的论述能否让人觉得有一丝丝的可信度!举个例子，难道你姨喜欢吃的水果，大家都喜欢吗?所以，写作的例子若能避开太多个人例子，那又是极好的!或者如果你很强，可以考虑以客观的方式来写个人的例子!
